You are testing the latest version of an air-traffic control system prior to production deployment using exploratory testing. After following an unusual sequence of input steps, the system crashes.
After the crash, you document a defect report with the following information:
- Title: System crashes unexpectedly during input.
- Brief summary: System crashes when an unusual sequence of inputs is used.
- Version: V1.001
- Test: Exploratory testing prior to production deployment
- Priority: Urgent
- Risk: High
- Reference: Screenshot of crashed application
What critical Information Is missing from this report?

• A. Description of the defect to enable reproduction.
• B. Change history.
• C. Status of defect
• D. Conclusions, recommendations, and approvals.

Which ONE of the following options is a practice that does NOT TYPICALLY correspond to a shift left approach?

• A. Performing non-functional testing starting at the system test level.
• B. Write the test cases before writing the code and run the code in a test harness during code implementation.
• C. Reviewing the specification from the perspective of testing.
• D. Using continuous integration (CI) and even better continuous delivery (CD).

Consider the following user story about an e-commerce website's registration feature that only allows registered users to make purchases; As a new user, I want to register to the website, so that i can start shopping online.
The following are some of the acceptance criteria defined for the user story:
[a] The registration form consists of the following fields: username, email address, first name, last name, date of birth, password and repeat password.
[b] To submit the registration request, the new user must fill in all the fields of the registration form with valid values and must agree to the terms and conditions.
[c] To be valid, the email address must not be provided by free online mail services that allow to create disposable email addresses. A dedicated error message must be presented to inform the new user when an invalid address is entered.
[d] To be valid, the first name and last name must contain only alphabetic characters and must be between 2 and 80 characters long A dedicated error message must be presented to inform the new user when an invalid first name and/or the last name is entered.
[e] After submitting the registration request, the new user must receive an e-mail containing the confirmation link to the e-mail address specified in the registration form.
Based only on the given information, which of the following ATDD tests is MOST LIKELY to be written first?

• A. The new user enters valid values in the fields of the registration form, except for the first name, where he/she enters a first name with 10 characters that contains a number. Then he/she is informed by the website about this issue.
• B. The new user enters valid values in all the fields of the registration form, confirms to accept all the terms and conditions, submits the registration request and then receives an e-mail containing the confirmation link to the e-mail address specified in the registration form.
• C. The user accesses the website with a username and password, and successfully places a purchase order for five items, paying by Mastercard credit card.
• D. The new user enters valid values in the fields of the registration form, except for the email address, where he/she enters an e-mail address provided by a free online mail service that allow to create disposable email addresses. Then he/she is informed by the website about this issue.

The tests at the bottom layer of the test pyramid:

• A. cover larger pieces of functionalities than the tests at the top layer of the pyramid
• B. are unscripted tests produced by experience-based test techniques
• C. generally run faster than the tests at the top layer of the pyramid
• D. are defined as 'Ul Tests' or 'End-To-End tests' in the different models of the pyramid